Hard Water at 600 mg/L: Why the Skin Forms Before the Core Swells
Calcium above a few hundred mg/L crosslinks the surface of a granule and seals it. The mechanism, the cut-and-look test, and four ways to work around hard water.
Calcium at 4,000 mg/L: Gel Strength Fails Before Capacity Does
Seawater at 400 mg/L calcium is not produced water at 4,200. Divalent ions crosslink the particle surface and gel strength fails before capacity does.
